It was the custom in medieval manuscripts to lengthen the letter I when it was in a prominent position, notably when it was initial. As initial I usually had consonantal force, the lengthened form came definitely to be regarded as representing the consonant and the short form the vowel in whatever position they occurred. The process of differentiation began about the 14th century but was not complete until the 17th century. For certain purposes—an alphabetical series, for example—the letters I and J are not always regarded as distinct, the enumeration passing occasionally from I to K. Show The original consonantal sound represented by the letter was the semivowel or spirant i (the sound of y in the word yacht). This passed into dy and later into the sound dž that the letter represents today. This sound was already established in the language in words of Romance origin in which it was represented by g (e.g., in words such as gesture or ginger), and these words retain their spelling. In English the letter J represents the same sound (dž) in all positions, and deviations from it are extremely rare even in words of foreign origin. In the bird name jaeger, however, the sound dž and the sound y are both admitted, and in certain personal and local names of Spanish origin (e.g., Javier, La Jolla), the sound of h is current in English usage. The minuscule form j is the lengthened form, retaining the dot, of minuscule i. This article is about the tenth letter of the Latin alphabet. For other uses, see J (disambiguation). JJ jUsageWriting systemLatin scriptTypeAlphabeticLanguage of originLatin languagePhonetic usage[j] [dʒ]~[tʃ] [x~h] [ʒ] [ɟ] [ʝ] [dz] [tɕ] [gʱ] [ts] [dʑ] [ʐ] [ʃ] [c̬] [i] Unicode codepoint`U+004A, U+006A, U+0237`Alphabetical position10HistoryDevelopment 
J, or j, is the tenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its usual name in English is (pronounced ), with a now-uncommon variant jy . When used in the International Phonetic Alphabet for the voiced palatal approximant (the sound of "y" in "yes") it may be called yod or jod (pronounced or ). HistoryThe letter J used to be used as the swash letter I, used for the letter I at the end of Roman numerals when following another I, as in XXIIJ or xxiij instead of XXIII or xxiii for the Roman numeral twenty-three. A distinctive usage emerged in Middle High German. Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550) was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ("Trissino's epistle about the letters recently added in the Italian language") of 1524. Originally, 'I' and 'J' were different shapes for the same letter, both equally representing /i/, /iː/, and /j/; however, Romance languages developed new sounds (from former /j/ and /ɡ/) that came to be represented as 'I' and 'J'; therefore, English J, acquired from the French J, has a sound value quite different from /j/ (which represents the initial sound in the English language word "yet"). Pronunciation and useList of pronunciations Most common pronunciation: /j/ Languages in italics do not use the Latin alphabet Language Dialect(s) Pronunciation (IPA) Environment Notes Afrikaans/j/Albanian/j/Arabic Standard; most dialects/dʒ/Latinization Gulf/j/Latinization Sudanese, Omani, Yemeni/ɟ/Latinization Levantine, Maghrebi/ʒ/Latinization Azeri/ʒ/Basque Bizkaian/dʒ/Lapurdian/j/also used in southwest Bizkaian Low Navarrese/ɟ/also used in south Lapurdian High Navarrese/ʃ/Gipuzkoan/x/also used in east Bizkaian Zuberoan/ʒ/Cantonese/t͡s/Yale romanisation/j/Jyutping romanisation Catalan/ʒ/ or /dʒ/Czech/j/Danish/j/Dutch/j/English/dʒ/Esperanto/j/ or /i̯/Estonian/j/Filipino/dʒ/English loan words/h/Spanish loan words Finnish/j/French/ʒ/German/j/Greenlandic/j/Hindi/dʒ/Hokkien/dz/~/dʑ/ /z/~/ʑ/Hungarian/j/Icelandic/j/Igbo/dʒ/Indonesian/dʒ/Italian/j/Japanese/dʑ/~/ʑ/ /ʑ/ and /dʑ/ distinct in some dialects, see Yotsugana Khmer/c/ latinization Kiowa/t/Konkani/ɟ/Korean North/ts/ /dz/after vowels South/tɕ/ /dʑ/after vowels Kurdish/ʒ/Luxembourgish/j/ /ʒ/Some loan words Latvian/j/Lithuanian/j/Malay/dʒ/Maltese/j/Mandarin Standard/tɕ/Pinyin latinization/ʐ/Wade–Giles latinization Manx/dʒ/Norwegian/j/Oromo/dʒ/Pashto/dz/Polish/j/Portuguese/ʒ/Romanian/ʒ/Scots/dʒ/Serbo-Croatian/j/Shona/dʒ/Slovak/j/Slovenian/j/Somali/dʒ/Spanish Standard/x/Some dialects/h/Swahili/ɟ/Swedish/j/Tamil/dʑ/Tatar/ʐ/Telugu/dʒ/Turkish/ʒ/Turkmen/dʒ/Yoruba/ɟ/Zulu/dʒ/ EnglishIn English, ⟨j⟩ most commonly represents the affricate /dʒ/. In Old English, /dʒ/ was represented orthographically with ⟨cᵹ⟩ (equivalent to ⟨cg⟩, as ⟨ᵹ⟩ in Old English was simply the regular form of the letter G, called Insular G). Middle English scribes began to use ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) to represent word-initial /dʒ/ under the influence of Old French, which had a similarly pronounced phoneme deriving from Latin /j/ (for example, iest and later jest), while the same sound in other positions could be spelled as ⟨dg⟩ (for example, hedge). The first English language books to make a clear distinction in writing between ⟨i⟩ and ⟨j⟩ were the King James Bible 1st Revision Cambridge 1629 and an English grammar book published in 1633.[citation needed] Later, many other uses of ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) were added in loanwords from French and other languages (e.g. adjoin, junta). In loanwords such as bijou or Dijon, ⟨j⟩ may represent /ʒ/, as in modern French. In some loanwords, including raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal, and Beijing, the regular pronunciation /dʒ/ is actually closer to the native pronunciation, making the use of /ʒ/ an instance of hyperforeignism, a type of hypercorrection. Occasionally, ⟨j⟩ represents its original /j/ sound, as in Hallelujah and fjord (see Yodh for details). In words of Spanish origin, such as jalapeño, English speakers usually pronounce ⟨j⟩ as the voiceless glottal fricative , an approximation of the Spanish pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ (usually transcribed as a voiceless velar fricative [x], although some use glottal [h]). In English, ⟨j⟩ is the fourth least frequently used letter in words, being more frequent only than ⟨z⟩, ⟨q⟩, and ⟨x⟩. It is, however, quite common in proper nouns, especially personal names. Other languagesGermanic and Eastern-European languagesThe great majority of Germanic languages, such as German, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, use ⟨j⟩ for the palatal approximant /j/, which is usually represented by the letter ⟨y⟩ in English. Notable exceptions are English, Scots and (to a lesser degree) Luxembourgish. ⟨j⟩ also represents /j/ in Albanian, and those Slavic and Baltic languages that use the Latin alphabet, such as Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovenian, Latvian and Lithuanian. Some related languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian, also adopted ⟨j⟩ into the Cyrillic alphabet for the same purpose. Because of this standard, the lower case letter was chosen to be used in the IPA as the phonetic symbol for the sound. Romance languagesIn the Romance languages, ⟨j⟩ has generally developed from its original palatal approximant value in Latin to some kind of fricative. In French, Portuguese, Catalan (except Valencian), and Romanian it has been fronted to the postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ (like ⟨s⟩ in English measure). In Valencian and Occitan it has the same sound as in English, /dʒ/. In Spanish, by contrast, it has been both devoiced and backed from an earlier /ʝ/ to a present-day /x/ or /h/, with the actual phonetic realization depending on the speaker's dialect. Generally, ⟨j⟩ is not commonly present in modern standard Italian spelling. Only proper nouns (such as Jesi and Letojanni), Latin words (Juventus), or those borrowed from foreign languages have ⟨j⟩. The proper nouns and Latin words are pronounced as the palatal approximant /j/, while words borrowed from foreign languages tend to follow that language's pronunciation of ⟨j⟩. Until the 19th century, ⟨j⟩ was used instead of ⟨i⟩ in diphthongs, as a replacement for final -ii, and in vowel groups (as in Savoja); this rule was quite strict in official writing. ⟨j⟩ is also used to render /j/ in dialectal spelling, e.g. Romanesco dialect ⟨ajo⟩ [ajo] (garlic; cf. Italian aglio [aʎo]). The Italian novelist Luigi Pirandello used ⟨j⟩ in vowel groups in his works written in Italian; he also wrote in his native Sicilian language, which still uses the letter ⟨j⟩ to represent /j/ (and sometimes also [dʒ] or [gj], depending on its environment). Other European LanguagesThe Maltese language is a Semitic language, not a Romance language; but has been deeply influenced by them (especially Sicilian) and it uses ⟨j⟩ for the sound /j/ (cognate of the Semitic yod). In Basque, the diaphoneme represented by ⟨j⟩ has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: [j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x] (the last one is typical of Gipuzkoa). The Uralic languages spoken in Europe use ⟨j⟩ for [j]. Non-European languagesAmong non-European languages that have adopted the Latin script, ⟨j⟩ stands for /ʒ/ in Turkish and Azerbaijani, for /ʐ/ in Tatar. ⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in Indonesian, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Oromo, Turkmen, and Zulu. It represents a voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/ in Konkani, Yoruba, and Swahili. In Kiowa, ⟨j⟩ stands for a voiceless alveolar plosive, /t/. ⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in the romanization systems of most of the languages of India such as Hindi and Telugu and stands for /dʑ/ in the romanization of Japanese and Korean. For Chinese languages, ⟨j⟩ stands for /t͡ɕ/ in Mandarin Chinese Pinyin system, the unaspirated equivalent of ⟨q⟩ (/t͡ɕʰ/). In Wade–Giles, ⟨j⟩ stands for Mandarin Chinese /ʐ/. Pe̍h-ōe-jī of Hokkien and Tâi-lô for Taiwanese Hokkien, ⟨j⟩ stands for /z/ and /ʑ/, or /d͡z/ and /d͡ʑ/, depending on accents. In Cantonese, ⟨j⟩ stands for /j/ in Jyutping and /t͡s/ in Yale. The Royal Thai General System of Transcription does not use the letter ⟨j⟩, although it is used in some proper names and non-standard transcriptions to represent either จ [tɕ] or ช [tɕʰ] (the latter following Pali/Sanskrit root equivalents). In romanized Pashto, ⟨j⟩ represents ځ, pronounced [dz]. In Greenlandic and in the Qaniujaaqpait spelling of the Inuktitut language, ⟨j⟩ is used to transcribe /j/. Following Spanish usage, ⟨j⟩ represents [x] or similar sounds in many Latin-alphabet-based writing systems for indigenous languages of the Americas, such as [χ] in Mayan languages (ALMG alphabet) and a glottal fricative [h] in some spelling systems used for .
Computing codesCharacter information Preview J j ȷ Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J LATIN SMALL LETTER J LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex Unicode 74 U+004A 106 U+006A 567 U+0237 UTF-8 74 4A 106 6A 200 183 C8 B7 Numeric character reference & 74; &x4A; &106; &x6A; &567; &x237; Named character reference ȷ EBCDIC family 209 D1 145 91 ASCII 1 74 4A 106 6A 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.Unicode also has a dotless variant, ȷ (U+0237). It is primarily used in Landsmålsalfabet and in mathematics. It is not intended to be used with diacritics since the normal j is softdotted in Unicode (that is, the dot is removed if a diacritic is to be placed above; Unicode further states that, for example i+ ¨ ≠ ı+¨ and the same holds true for j and ȷ). In Unicode, a duplicate of 'J' for use as a special phonetic character in historical Greek linguistics is encoded in the Greek script block as ϳ (Unicode U+03F3). It is used to denote the palatal glide /j/ in the context of Greek script. It is called "Yot" in the Unicode standard, after the German name of the letter J. An uppercase version of this letter was added to the Unicode Standard at U+037F with the release of version 7.0 in June 2014. Wingdings smiley issueIn the Wingdings font by Microsoft, the letter "J" is rendered as a smiley face, sometimes creating confusion in emails after formatting is removed and a smiley turns back into an out-of-context "J". (this is distinct from the Unicode code point U+263A, which renders as ☺︎). In Microsoft applications, ":)" is automatically replaced by a smiley rendered in a specific font face when composing rich text documents or HTML email. This autocorrection feature can be switched off or changed to a Unicode smiley. Other uses
Other representationsReferences
How tall is J Cole?6′ 2″J. Cole / Heightnull What is J Crew known for?Crew Group, Inc., is an American multi-brand, multi-channel, specialty retailer. The company offers an assortment of women's, men's, and children's apparel and accessories, including swimwear, outerwear, lounge-wear, bags, sweaters, denim, dresses, suiting, jewelry, and shoes. What are J Cole's kids names?Cole has two children. He has a son named Ibrahim, who was born in 2016, and a daughter named Nina, who was born in 2021. J. Cole has been notoriously private about his personal life, and it was not until 2018 that he confirmed the birth of his son in a song titled "Sacrifices" from the album "KOD." In the song, J. What is J Cole's twitter?
|
J&t express ม ก สาขา ในกทม ม อะไรบ าง
ลิขสิทธิ์ © 2024 ihoctot Inc.
